In the most comprehensive report to date on the economic implications of protecting nature, more than 100 economists and scientists find that the global economy would benefit from the establishment of far more protected areas on land and at sea than exist today. The report considers various scenarios of protecting at least 30% of the planet to show that the benefits outweigh the costs by a ratio of at least 5-to-1. It offers new evidence that the nature conservation sector drives economic growth, delivers key non-monetary benefits, and is a net contributor to a resilient global economy.

 

The findings follow growing scientific evidence that at least 30% of the planet’s land and ocean must be protected to address the alarming collapse of the natural world, which now threatens up to a million species with extinction. With such clear economic and scientific data, momentum continues to build for a landmark global agreement that would include the 30% protection target. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity has included this 30% protected area goal in its draft 10-year strategy, which is expected to be finalized and approved by the Convention’s 196 parties next year in Kunming, China. 

 

This new independent report, “Protecting 30% of the Planet for Nature: Costs, Benefits and Economic Implications," is the first ever analysis of protected area impacts across multiple economic sectors, including agriculture, fisheries, and forestry in addition to the nature conservation sector. The report measures the financial impacts of protected areas on the global economy and non-monetary benefits such as ecosystem services, including climate-change mitigation, flood protection, clean-water provision and soil conservation. Across all measures, the experts find that the benefits are greater when more nature is protected as opposed to maintaining the status quo.

 

Currently, roughly 15% of the world’s land and 7% of the ocean has some degree of protection. The report finds projects that the additional protections would lead to an average of US$250 billion in increased economic output annually, and an average of at least $350 billion in improved ecosystem services annually, compared with the status quo. 

 

The nature conservation sector has been one of the fastest growing in recent years and, according to the report, is projected to grow 4-6% per year compared with less than 1% for agriculture and forestry, and a recession of fisheries, after the world recovers from the Covid-19 pandemic.

 

Protecting natural areas also provides significant mental and physical health benefits and reduces the risk of new zoonotic disease outbreaks such as Covid-19, a value that has not yet been quantified despite the extraordinarily high economic costs of the pandemic. A recent study estimated the economic value of protected areas based on the improved mental health of visitors to be $6 trillion annually. 

 

“Our report shows that protection in today’s economy brings in more revenue than the alternatives and likely adds revenue to agriculture and forestry, while helping prevent climate change, water crises, biodiversity loss and disease,” said Anthony Waldron, the lead author of the report. “Increasing nature protection is sound policy for governments juggling multiple interests. You cannot put a price tag on nature – but the economic numbers point to its protection,” added Waldron, a researcher focused on conservation finance, global species loss and sustainable agriculture. 

 

The report also indicates that effective protection of 30% of the planet planet requires an average annual investment of roughly $140 billion by 2030. The world currently invests just over $24 billion per year in protected areas – less than the world spends on ice cream.

 

This investment pales in comparison to the economic benefits that additional protected areas would deliver and to the far larger financial support currently given to other sectors. Investing to protect nature would represent less than one-third of the amount that governments spend on subsidies to activities that destroy nature. It would represent 0.16% of global gross domestic product and require less investment than the world spends on video games every year.

 

Dr Zakri Abdul Hamid, ambassador and science adviser to the Campaign for Nature and founding chairman of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), notes: “With so much abundance of biodiversity found in Malaysia, and in the ASEAN region, it is encouraging to know from this report that protecting 30% of the land and marine surfaces provides more monetary and non-monetary values than the status quo.”

 

The Campaign for Nature (CFN), which commissioned this report, is working with a growing coalition of more than 100 conservation organizations and scientists around the world in support of the 30%+ target, and increased financial support for conservation. CFN is also working with indigenous leaders to ensure full respect for indigenous rights and free, prior, and informed consent.

 

CFN recommends that funding comes from all sources, including official development assistance, governments’ domestic budgets, climate financing directed to nature-based solutions, philanthropies, corporations, and new sources of revenue or savings through regulatory and subsidy changes. As 70-90% of the cost would be focused on low- and middle-income countries because of the location of the world’s most threatened biodiversity, these countries will require financial assistance from multiple sources.